The key compromise reached during this bargaining process was the decision to use a mixed-member system, electing a roughly even number of representatives from both majoritarian single-seat districts (SSDs) and from multi-seat, list proportional representation (PR) districts. The electoral system adopted by Hungary in 1989 represents a monument to the potential for institutional design through bargaining to produce complex yet stable institutions. KEY WORDSelectoral systemsHungaryinstitutionsinstitutional origins Far from being par- alyzed by uncertainty and lack of information, actors in the choice of Hungary's 1989 electoral law were, with minor exceptions, able to effectively link institutional outcomes to electoral self-interest and to pursue these dis- tributive gains through bargaining. When a party had the possibility to reduce its uncer- tainty, it also tended to shift to a position reflecting its updated evaluation of an institutional alternative's effect on its expected seats. The evi- dence shows that the individual parties generally preferred alternatives that maximized their expected seats, subject to the constraint of not derailing the negotiations as a whole. We examine the creation of the Hungarian electoral system of 1989, linking the positions of the partici- pants to the institutional alternatives which they expected to maximize their expected seat shares in the election to take place under those rules. Our article attempts to bridge the two subfields by outlining and applying a model of institutional choice as the outcome of a struggle between fledgling opposition parties and the authoritarian regime wherein each side struggles to gain the greatest distributive payoff. Most theories of institutional emergence, however, focus on stable contexts rather than on the conditions of acute uncertainty identified in the standard transitions literature. Such choices are especially sig- nificant during transitions to democracy, when initial institutional designs fundamentally structure the path of democratic development. The School of Professional Studies Actuarial Science program prepares students for the associate actuarial certification examinations of Society of Actuaries and Casualty Actuarial Society and thereby does meets the academic requirements for certification in all 50 states.Institutions shape political outcomes, yet institutions themselves are endoge- nously shaped outcomes of political choices. Students should contact the appropriate licensing or certification agency for his or her home state to obtain the most up to date information. This information is also subject to change. Professional licensure and certification requirements may vary state to state. Where applicable, an institution must also indicate when such a determination cannot be made. The required information relates to whether or not the educational program meets the requirements for professional licensure or certification in all other states. Institutions providing distance education are required to provide certain general disclosures for educational programs, regardless of modality, that prepare students for professional licensure or certification. Professional Licensure and Certification Disclosure Requirements ASAC steers the program's academic affairs, including curriculum and faculty recruitment. ASAC members are professors across Columbia University's Statistics Department, the Engineering School, and the School of Professional Studies. The program's academic rigor greatly benefits from partners and advisors in the Actuarial Science Academic Committee (ASAC). Columbia’s location in New York City, the financial and actuarial capital of the world, allows students access to the world’s foremost practitioners and leaders. Students are prepared to assume leadership positions and meet ever expanding opportunities. The program equips students with the tools, skills, and knowledge to excel in today’s rapidly evolving actuarial and related workplaces, with a course of study designed to anticipate and exceed industry needs. The Master of Science in Actuarial Science program at Columbia University is internationally renowned for its breakthrough curriculum and esteemed faculty. Join a distinguished community of actuarial leaders.
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